Nephron-sparing surgery: our experience in open and laparoscopic approach in 254 cases.

OBJECTIVES The majority of renal cell carcinomas are now incidentally detected as small renal masses in asymptomatic patients due to the widespread use of ultrasound and new improved noninvasive abdominal imaging modalities. Nephron-sparing surgery is the treatment of choice for patients with small renal masses in presence of normal contralateral kidney or in presence of an anatomic or functional solitary kidney. We reviewed retrospectively our experience in open and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. METHODS The records for all patients who underwent nephron-sparing surgery for a renal mass since 1995 at British Hospital of Buenos Aires and Hospital Aleman and since 2000 at Hospital Universitario Austral were reviewed. The most relevant data of 246 patients were collected, with special focus on demographic data, operative details, pathology results, complications and outcome in cancer control. RESULTS We have performed 254 nephron-sparing surgeries. Open partial nephrectomy was performed in 220 procedures and the laparoscopic partial nephrectomy since 2001 in 34 patients. The indication was elective or relative in 236 patients with 8 patients with bilateral tumors and 18 tumors in a solitary kidney. The pedicle was clamped in 168 procedures with hypothermia in 43 patients. Mean ischemia time was 24.7 minutes. Average tumor size was 3.49 cm. The pathologic findings demonstrate a carcinoma in 193 cases and benign lesions in 61 patients (24%). One patient presented a positive surgical margin in the pathologic examination, but subsequent nephrectomy was negative for residual tumor. One patient presented a pseudo-tumoral mass on follow-up on CT scan and MRI, but nephrectomy was negative for residual tumor. There were postoperative complications in 20 patients (7.9 %). Oncologic follow up was available in 84% of the patients for an average of 46.6 months showing progression with metastasis in 8 patients. Local recurrence was observed in 4 patients (2%). One patient developed a tumor in the contralateral kidney 20 months after partial nephrectomy and another one 10 years later. The cancer specific survival and overall survival rates were 98 % and 95% respectively. In the last year the laparoscopic approach duplicated the indications of all previous years. CONCLUSIONS Open partial nephrectomy is considered nowadays the gold standard treatment of small renal masses, and in our experience it is a safe and effective technique of treatment of these tumors. The evolution of the technology and the acquirement of laparoscopic skills allow us in selected cases to duplicate the open approach in a laparoscopic way, obtaining similar results.